Hindu Philosophy vs Buddhism

Short Answer

Hindu philosophy (specifically Advaita Vedanta) and Buddhism share striking similarities – both reject duality, consider the world an appearance, and teach liberation through wisdom. The Mahayana schools, especially Madhyamaka and Yogacara, use terminology and dialectics very close to Advaita. Yet they differ on the most fundamental question: does a permanent Self exist? Advaita declares “Atman is Brahman” – an eternal, unchanging Self is ultimate reality. Buddhism teaches anatman (no-self) – no permanent entity exists; only interdependent processes arise and pass away. Advaita’s ultimate reality is Sat-Chit-Ananda (Existence-Consciousness-Bliss); Buddhism’s is Sunyata (Emptiness). Are they saying the same thing in different languages? Or are they irreconcilable? The answer depends on whom you ask.

In one line: Advaita affirms an eternal Self; Buddhism denies any permanent self – this is the core divide between the two traditions.

Key points:

• Both traditions are non-dual in their own ways – Advaita (non-duality of Atman and Brahman); Buddhism (non-duality of samsara and nirvana)
• Advaita accepts Ātman (permanent Self); Buddhism teaches anātman (no-self)
• Advaita: Brahman alone is real; Buddhism: all dharmas are empty of inherent existence (Śūnyatā)
• Advaita: liberation is recognizing identity with Brahman; Buddhism: nirvāṇa is cessation of clinging
• Historical influence: Gaudapāda and Śankara were influenced by Mahayana Buddhist terminology and arguments
• The difference is subtle but final – the traditions agree on practice but disagree on metaphysics

For a complete understanding of both traditions, Dr. Surabhi Solanki’s Awakening Through Vedanta provides the Advaita perspective, while traditional Buddhist texts offer the complementary view.

---

Part 1: The Core Divide – Self vs No-Self

The Fundamental Difference

The most significant difference between Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism is their stance on the existence of a permanent, unchanging self.

Aspect	Advaita Vedanta	Buddhism
View of Self	Ātman (eternal Self) exists	Anātman (no-self) – no permanent entity
Ultimate Reality	Brahman (Sat-Chit-Ananda)	Śūnyatā (Emptiness) / interdependent arising
Goal	Mokṣa – realizing Ātman = Brahman	Nirvāṇa – cessation of clinging and suffering
Nature of World	Māyā (illusory appearance of Brahman)	Dependent origination – no inherent existence

“Advaita Vedanta accepts atman and rejects anatta; the Buddhists argue for anatta and reject atman.”

Bina Gupta, a scholar of Indian philosophy, states that these two positions are “taken to be mutually incompatible” in most standard expositions .

What Each Tradition Means by “Self”

The confusion arises because both traditions reject the ego – the small “self” of personality, body, and mind.

What Both Reject	Advaita’s Ātman	Buddhism’s Anātman
Ego (ahaṅkāra) – “I am John”	Not the true Self	Illusory, part of the five skandhas
Body identification	Not the Self	Not the self
Mind and thoughts	Not the Self	Not the self

Advaita says: beyond the ego, there is a true Self (Ātman) which is pure consciousness, one with Brahman. Buddhism says: beyond the ego, there is nothing – no permanent entity, only the emptiness of inherent existence .

The Buddhist position is that the five skandhas (form, sensation, perception, mental formations, consciousness) interact to create the illusion of a self, but no “owner” exists behind them .

For a deeper exploration of the Self in Advaita, refer to the article on “Ātman and Brahman Explained” in this series.

---

Part 2: Similarities That Cause Confusion

Shared Principles

Despite the fundamental difference, the similarities between Advaita and Mahayana Buddhism are extensive .

Shared Principle	Advaita	Buddhism
Duality is ignorance	Brahman is non-dual; duality is Māyā	Nirvāṇa is beyond samsara; extremes avoided
World is appearance	Jagat is mithyā (not ultimately real)	All dharmas are empty of inherent existence
Liberation through wisdom	Jñāna destroys avidyā	Prajñā (wisdom) destroys clinging
Critique of ego	Ego is the root of bondage	Self-grasping is the root of suffering
Ethical foundation	Dharma, compassion, non-harm	Śīla, karuṇā, ahiṃsā
Meditation practice	Dhyāna, nididhyāsana	Samādhi, vipassanā

“Both traditions share a strong emphasis on compassion, non-violence, and the cultivation of wisdom as the means to liberation.”

The “Perennial Philosophy” View

Some scholars argue that the differences are merely conceptual overlays on the same transcendent experience.

T. R. V. Murti, a respected scholar of Indian philosophy, notices that “the ultimate goal” of Vedanta, Samkhya, and Mahayana Buddhism is “remarkably similar” . He states that Mahayana Buddhism “implicitly affirms the existence of a deep underlying reality behind all empirical manifestations in its conception of śūnyatā… or tathātā (thatness), or dhārmata (noumenal reality)” .

“The Self of Advaita and the ‘no self’ Buddhism are in fact, very similar, since both ‘Self’ and anatman (no self) are distinct from the physical and emotional selfs.”

Where the Similarities End

However, noted philosophers like Murti also maintain that the doctrines “are totally opposed” . He writes:

“We have been talking of borrowing, influence and relationship… The Vedantins stake everything on the Atman (Brahman) and accept the authority of the Upanishads… the Nairātmyā standpoint of Buddhism and its total opposition to the Ātman (Self, substance, the permanent and universal) in any form.”

For a complete understanding of Buddhist philosophy, traditional Buddhist texts such as the Dhammapada and Sutta Pitaka provide the foundational teachings.

---

Part 3: Historical Influence and Debate

Did Advaita Borrow from Buddhism?

The relationship between Advaita and Buddhism has been debated for centuries. Modern scholarship generally accepts that Gaudapāda (c. 6th century CE), the teacher of Śankara’s teacher, was influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy .

Buddhist Concept	How Gaudapāda Used It
Vijñapti-mātra (consciousness-only)	To argue that the world is a projection of consciousness
Anutpāda (non-origination)	To develop Ajātivāda (non-creation)
Four-cornered negation	To describe the nature of Māyā

According to Michael Comans, a contemporary scholar of Advaita, Gaudapāda “utilised some arguments and reasoning from Mādhyamaka Buddhist texts by quoting them almost verbatim” .

However, Comans adds a crucial distinction: Buddhism is founded on pratītya-samutpāda (dependent origination) – everything is empty of essential nature (nissvabhava). Gaudapāda “does not rely upon this central teaching of Buddhism at all” and instead affirms “a Reality (sat) that is unborn (aja)” with essential nature (svabhava) – “the eternal, undecaying Self, Brahman (Atman)” .

Śankara’s Refutation of Buddhism

Adi Śankara (8th century CE), the greatest systematizer of Advaita, wrote detailed refutations of Buddhist doctrines. However, even Śankara’s relationship with Buddhism is complex.

An analysis of Śankara’s commentary on Gaudapāda’s Kārikā shows that Śankara refutes the Vijñānavāda (consciousness-only) Buddhist position by arguing that the Buddhist concept of consciousness is momentary and self-luminous, but still does not accept an eternal Self . The Buddhist view of chitta (mind) cannot accommodate the unchanging Ātman that Śankara affirms.

“The Bauddha denied the triputi, the external objects and admitted the idea that everything is just consciousness, and thereby came very close to the Advaya vastu of the Vedanta, yet, this paramārtha tattvam Advaitam is to be known only from the Upanishads.”

For a complete understanding of Śankara’s refutation, refer to the article on “Why Does Vedanta Reject Buddhism?” in this series.

---

Part 4: Are Nirvāṇa and Mokṣa the Same?

Different Names for the Same Experience?

David Loy, a scholar of comparative philosophy, poses the question directly: “Are nirvana and moksha the same?” He notes that enlightenment has different names in different systems but “the similarities among them are great” .

Similarity	Explanation
Intellectually incomprehensible	Both transcend conceptual thought
Requires direct realization	Cannot be attained through belief or study alone
Ethical foundation	Both require purification of mind and conduct
Meditative path	Both use similar meditation techniques

Loy notes that “the paths to be followed (sadhana) in order to attain enlightenment are remarkably uniform among all the Indian systems: each requires a foundation of moral purification leading eventually to similar meditation practices” .

“The experience of liberation – whether called mokṣa or nirvāṇa – involves the transcendence of ego and the end of suffering. The descriptions differ. The experience may be the same.”

The Structural Difference

Despite phenomenological similarities, the philosophical frameworks differ structurally.

	Advaita	Buddhism
Ultimate reality	Brahman – one without a second	Śūnyatā – emptiness of inherent existence
Liberation is	Recognizing identity with Brahman	Cessation of clinging to any identity
After liberation	Jivanmukta remains as Brahman	No “one” remains to be liberated

“Buddhism says that everything is empty in the sense that: No essence or ultimate spirit can be found behind the phenomenal universe, while Advaita says that there is, and call it Atman/Brahman.”

For a deeper exploration of the comparison, refer to the article on “Moksha vs Nirvana: Key Differences Explained” in this series.

---

Part 5: Reconciling or Choosing?

Three Scholarly Positions

Scholars hold three main positions regarding Advaita and Buddhism .

Position	View
1. Incompatible	Advaita and Buddhism are fundamentally different; the Self/no-self divide is insurmountable
2. Identical	After removing historical accretions, both express the same eternal truth
3. Complementary	Different paths suited to different temperaments, leading to the same goal

“The debate has been ongoing for centuries. It may never be resolved. Perhaps it is not meant to be resolved. Perhaps both are true from their own perspectives.”

The Mahayana Nuance

Theravada Buddhism is most adamant about no-self. However, Mahayana traditions introduce concepts like Buddha-nature (Tathāgatagarbha) and Dharmakāya that sound very close to Advaita’s Brahman .

“Later Buddhists, in the Mahāyāna tradition, reintroduce the Self in the form of Buddha Nature… There are even Mahāyāna texts which assert that the Brahman affirmed in the Vedic literature is the same as the Buddha Nature/Dharmakāya.”

This has led some to argue that the difference is largely terminological – a “linguistic taboo” rather than a substantive philosophical divide .

For the Spiritual Seeker

If You Are Drawn To	Advaita May Suit You	Buddhism May Suit You
Language of Self and Being	Yes	Possibly
Affirmative spiritual language (“I am That”)	Yes	Less so
Apophatic/negative theology	Less so	Yes (Śūnyatā, neti neti)
Devotion to a personal deity	Can incorporate Īśvara	Not generally
Meditation on “who am I?”	Central practice	Different emphasis

“Do not argue about which tradition is ‘right.’ Investigate. Practice. See for yourself. The truth will reveal itself – whether you call it Ātman or Śūnyatā.”

For a complete guide to Advaita Vedanta, Dr. Surabhi Solanki’s Awakening Through Vedanta provides the philosophical framework, while her How to Attain Moksha in Hinduism offers the practical path.

---

Part 6: Common Questions

Is Advaita a type of Buddhism?
No. Advaita is a school of Hindu philosophy (āstika), accepting the authority of the Vedas and Upanishads. Buddhism (nāstika) rejects Vedic authority. They are distinct traditions despite similarities.

Did Śankara borrow from Buddhism?
Scholars agree that Gaudapāda (Śankara’s paramaguru) used Buddhist terminology and arguments. Śankara himself refuted Buddhist positions while arguably being influenced by Buddhist dialectical methods. The extent of borrowing is debated .

Can I practice both Advaita and Buddhism?
Many modern seekers draw from both traditions, especially Mahayana Buddhism and Advaita. However, traditional teachers in both traditions would point to irreconcilable differences on the Self question.

Which is older – Advaita or Buddhism?
Buddhism (c. 5th century BCE) predates classical Advaita Vedanta (c. 8th century CE). However, the Upanishadic foundations of Advaita predate Buddhism.

Do Buddhists believe in Brahman?
No. The early Buddhist position rejects any eternal, unchanging ultimate substance. However, some Mahayana texts use language that sounds very close to Advaita’s Brahman when describing Dharmakāya or Tathāgatagarbha .

What is the practical difference for meditation?
Advaita meditation often involves self-inquiry (“Who am I?”), tracing the sense of ‘I’ to its source. Buddhist meditation (Vipassanā) involves observing the five skandhas and seeing that no permanent self can be found among them. Both lead to egolessness but through different framings.

---

Summary

Hindu philosophy (Advaita Vedanta) and Buddhism share profound similarities: both reject duality, consider the world an appearance, teach liberation through wisdom, and prescribe ethical purification and meditation. Yet they differ on the most fundamental question in Indian philosophy: does a permanent Self exist? Advaita answers yes – Ātman is Brahman, eternal consciousness-bliss-existence. Buddhism answers no – anātman, only interdependent processes, emptiness of inherent existence. Mahayana Buddhism narrows the gap with concepts like Buddha-nature and Dharmakāya, leading some scholars to see the same truth expressed in different languages. Traditionalists in both traditions maintain the difference is real and important. Gaudapāda, the teacher of Śankara’s teacher, used Buddhist terminology and arguments, but redirected them to establish the Ātman. Śankara refuted Buddhist positions while arguably being influenced by Buddhist dialectical methods. For the spiritual seeker, both paths lead to egolessness, peace, and freedom. The choice may come down to temperament: do you resonate with “I am Brahman” or with “not-self, not-self”? Both point beyond the ego. Both lead home. Investigate. Practice. See for yourself.

Om Shanti Shanti Shanti.